diff --git a/sdk/android/src/java/org/webrtc/RefCountDelegate.java b/sdk/android/src/java/org/webrtc/RefCountDelegate.java
index fc8a191..58be7aa 100644
--- a/sdk/android/src/java/org/webrtc/RefCountDelegate.java
+++ b/sdk/android/src/java/org/webrtc/RefCountDelegate.java
@@ -29,12 +29,19 @@
 
   @Override
   public void retain() {
-    refCount.incrementAndGet();
+    int updated_count = refCount.incrementAndGet();
+    if (updated_count < 2) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException("retain() called on an object with refcount < 1");
+    }
   }
 
   @Override
   public void release() {
-    if (refCount.decrementAndGet() == 0 && releaseCallback != null) {
+    int updated_count = refCount.decrementAndGet();
+    if (updated_count < 0) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException("release() called on an object with refcount < 1");
+    }
+    if (updated_count == 0 && releaseCallback != null) {
       releaseCallback.run();
     }
   }
diff --git a/sdk/android/tests/src/org/webrtc/AndroidVideoDecoderTest.java b/sdk/android/tests/src/org/webrtc/AndroidVideoDecoderTest.java
index 693dc64..1b9b566 100644
--- a/sdk/android/tests/src/org/webrtc/AndroidVideoDecoderTest.java
+++ b/sdk/android/tests/src/org/webrtc/AndroidVideoDecoderTest.java
@@ -29,7 +29,10 @@
 import android.media.MediaFormat;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
 import org.chromium.testing.local.LocalRobolectricTestRunner;
+import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
@@ -162,6 +165,25 @@
     }
   }
 
+  private static class FakeDecoderCallback implements VideoDecoder.Callback {
+    public final List<VideoFrame> decodedFrames;
+
+    public FakeDecoderCallback() {
+      decodedFrames = new ArrayList<>();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onDecodedFrame(VideoFrame frame, Integer decodeTimeMs, Integer qp) {
+      frame.retain();
+      decodedFrames.add(frame);
+    }
+
+    public void release() {
+      for (VideoFrame frame : decodedFrames) frame.release();
+      decodedFrames.clear();
+    }
+  }
+
   private EncodedImage createTestEncodedImage() {
     return EncodedImage.builder()
         .setBuffer(ByteBuffer.wrap(ENCODED_TEST_DATA))
@@ -174,6 +196,7 @@
   @Mock private SurfaceTextureHelper mockSurfaceTextureHelper;
   @Mock private VideoDecoder.Callback mockDecoderCallback;
   private FakeMediaCodecWrapper fakeMediaCodecWrapper;
+  private FakeDecoderCallback fakeDecoderCallback;
 
   @Before
   public void setUp() {
@@ -183,6 +206,12 @@
     MediaFormat outputFormat = new MediaFormat();
     // TODO(sakal): Add more details to output format as needed.
     fakeMediaCodecWrapper = spy(new FakeMediaCodecWrapper(outputFormat));
+    fakeDecoderCallback = new FakeDecoderCallback();
+  }
+
+  @After
+  public void cleanUp() {
+    fakeDecoderCallback.release();
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -268,7 +297,7 @@
 
     // Set-up.
     TestDecoder decoder = new TestDecoderBuilder().setUseSurface(/* useSurface = */ false).build();
-    decoder.initDecode(TEST_DECODER_SETTINGS, mockDecoderCallback);
+    decoder.initDecode(TEST_DECODER_SETTINGS, fakeDecoderCallback);
     decoder.decode(createTestEncodedImage(),
         new DecodeInfo(/* isMissingFrames= */ false, /* renderTimeMs= */ 0));
     fakeMediaCodecWrapper.addOutputData(
@@ -278,13 +307,8 @@
     decoder.waitDeliverDecodedFrame();
 
     // Verify.
-    ArgumentCaptor<VideoFrame> videoFrameCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(VideoFrame.class);
-    verify(mockDecoderCallback)
-        .onDecodedFrame(videoFrameCaptor.capture(),
-            /* decodeTimeMs= */ any(Integer.class),
-            /* qp= */ any());
-
-    VideoFrame videoFrame = videoFrameCaptor.getValue();
+    assertThat(fakeDecoderCallback.decodedFrames).hasSize(1);
+    VideoFrame videoFrame = fakeDecoderCallback.decodedFrames.get(0);
     assertThat(videoFrame).isNotNull();
     assertThat(videoFrame.getRotatedWidth()).isEqualTo(TEST_DECODER_SETTINGS.width);
     assertThat(videoFrame.getRotatedHeight()).isEqualTo(TEST_DECODER_SETTINGS.height);
@@ -346,7 +370,7 @@
   public void testDeliversRenderedBuffers() throws InterruptedException {
     // Set-up.
     TestDecoder decoder = new TestDecoderBuilder().build();
-    decoder.initDecode(TEST_DECODER_SETTINGS, mockDecoderCallback);
+    decoder.initDecode(TEST_DECODER_SETTINGS, fakeDecoderCallback);
     decoder.decode(createTestEncodedImage(),
         new DecodeInfo(/* isMissingFrames= */ false, /* renderTimeMs= */ 0));
     fakeMediaCodecWrapper.addOutputTexture(/* presentationTimestampUs= */ 0, /* flags= */ 0);
@@ -370,16 +394,13 @@
     outputVideoFrame.release();
 
     // Verify.
-    ArgumentCaptor<VideoFrame> videoFrameCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(VideoFrame.class);
-    verify(mockDecoderCallback)
-        .onDecodedFrame(videoFrameCaptor.capture(),
-            /* decodeTimeMs= */ any(Integer.class),
-            /* qp= */ any());
-
-    VideoFrame videoFrame = videoFrameCaptor.getValue();
+    assertThat(fakeDecoderCallback.decodedFrames).hasSize(1);
+    VideoFrame videoFrame = fakeDecoderCallback.decodedFrames.get(0);
     assertThat(videoFrame).isNotNull();
     assertThat(videoFrame.getBuffer()).isEqualTo(outputTextureBuffer);
 
+    fakeDecoderCallback.release();
+
     verify(releaseCallback).run();
   }